Mae West and 1930s censorship

Mae West and 1930s censorship Free Online Research Papers Nowadays, we probably take for granted that the majority of films created in Hollywood have no moral or content boundaries whatsoeverAlthough today the boundaries might seem a little blurred, it was not always like this. The censorship process in Hollywood films (as well as in many other media) is a process that has grown and fluctuated along with American society. Behind many of these films there have been struggles, debates, and confrontations of ideas to have power over what could be shown. Films have always been a main target for censorship, primarily because movies are a major audiovisual form of entertainment and mass communication with a tremendous power over the public. Mae West is a name that comes up when discussing U.S. censorship and film, mainly because she was a Hollywood star who danced the line between what was allowable and what was not. A great deal of her career as a Hollywood actress revolves around pushing the limits of the moral landscape. She became one of the biggest female icons of the 20th century thanks to her voluptuous figure, sexy innuendos, and uncontainable wit. This essay explores the relationship between Mae West’s performances and the early thirty’s censorship changes in her work. West worked during the period spanning World War I, Prohibitionand the Great Depression; a period characterized by a dualism between a huge cultural experimentation and a strict repression. The war coincided with a rising sexual revolution; film audiences wanted sexand censors wanted to suppress it. From the starting point of her career, West became aware of this duality and played around that fine line. She took it upon herself to fight the censors when it came to her career. Emily Leider quotes Mae West in these fights saying, â€Å"My fight has been against depression, repression and suppression.† Marybeth Hamilton describes Mae West as â€Å"Hollywood’s most colorful victim of censorship,† (Hamilton, 187). With one of her first major movies, I’m no Angel, West was characterized by Variety as â€Å"the biggest conversation-provoker, free space grabber and all-around box office bet in the countryBut that slightly changed in 1934, when a national campaign that battled film immorality forced her to follow the rules of the Production Code Administration (PCA), which is the film’s industry self-regulatory organization. This action took a hard toll on her popularity. Hamilton quotes historian Robert Sklar regarding West decline after 1934, saying, â€Å"the pre-1934 West was raw, acerbic, even sexually revolutionary, precisely because she was uncensored†¦exploding on screen with unfettered power before the censors killed her off.† (Hamilton, 188) Yet, many documents and archives from the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) show evidence that Mae West was never really completely uncensored. Before she was forced to follow PCA’s regulations, West’s work was always submitted to the MPPDA office’s scrutiny. This censorship process was very complex. Every stage of the production was supervised but, against general supposition, the process was not aiming to suppress the sexual content Moreover, many historians agree that Hollywood censors helped shape West’s characteristic sexual expression, in fact, â€Å"censorship helped create Mae West as we know her, shaping her persona far more effectively than West herself would ever admit.† (Hamilton, 188) In reality, West’s immediate connection to sexual topics in Hollywood was not exclusive to her with sexual content issues in many non-Mae West films (like Black Street, Possessed and Blonde Venus); but West had a particularity that distinguished her from other performers: her roots in Broadway gave her a â€Å"reputation for urban realism†¦providing a glimpse of authentic underworld vice.†(Hamilton, 189). Diamond Lil was the title of the Broadway play that made West gain that particularity (a play that would later be adapted into her second film She Done Him Wrong). According to historians like Lewis Erenberg, what Diamond Lil rendered was slumming made pleasant, â€Å"the lure of the forbidden with the rough edges smoothed off.† Those kind of Broadway shows appealed to the tastes of the middle-class who wanted a clean, underworld desire land. This is the same niche or target from which Hollywood wanted to separate itself. The success of West’s play was a concern for the MPPDA. Broadway provided the movie industry with a pool of potential actors and writers who were eager to bring that â€Å"realism† main stream. But, unlike Broadway, the film industry had to sell their product to small towns as well as big cities. This meant they had to pass the inspection of every censor board on the way. So the MPPDA office developed a strategy to sell movies as an exclusive form of entertainment, with no attachments whatsoever to the inner-city nightlife and in accordance with the values of American confines. Now, the MPPDA and the censors had a new and difficult task on their hands regarding Mae West’s performances and movies: the story of the ambitious woman who used love and sex to get to the top of the social and material ladder had to get onscreen in a form that would be profitable and that would avoid any kind of problems with the moral branch of the film industry. This translated into having a representation in which sexual matters were suggested, not manifested, â€Å"from which conclusion might be drawn by the sophisticated mind, but which would mean nothing to the unsophisticated and inexperience† as Jason Joy stated (director of the Studio Relations Committee, SRC; precursor to the PCA) (Maltby, 63) When the movie She Done Him Wrong came out, it was obvious that the efforts of the MPPDA office to not evoke Mae’s Broadway realism in her performance backfired. Critics agreed that West’s acting had brought down all the efforts to veil Lou (her character in the play). What was seen as â€Å"realism† was, in fact, West’s acting style, â€Å"the oozing walk, the hard-boiled speech that lent an unexpected saltiness to seemingly innocent lines.† (Hamilton, 193). Even what was a gentle love lyric on paper, â€Å"A Guy What Takes His Time,† became a graphic illustration of languid sex when performed by Mae West (an interpretation that cost a lot of panic in the MPPDA office and a lot of money to cut short). While in theaters the audience had the choice of focusing or not on Mae West, on film, the camera forced them to keep her erotic figure and delivery as their main focus. The film rapidly became a box-office sensation. This fact only helped the reformist to argue that the film industry was not fit to control its own product. She Done Him Wrong enraged people within the film industry, reform groups, censor boards, and many others. These groups grew as a threatening force that eventually obligated Mae West to change, regardless of her huge box-office sensation. With all the bad press, the MPPDA office feared a federal intervention of the film industry. Will Hays, the head of the MPPDA at the time, took the matter into his own hands and publicly expressed that more Broadway sensationalism would only give the critics precisely what they wanted. For her next film, I’m No Angel, the test was to transform West’s performance into a more acceptable one. â€Å"Determined to hold West to the code, Hays and his underlings maintained a vigilant watch over I’m No Angel. Previewing drafts of the script and song lyrics, they bombarded the studio with mandated cuts and revisions.† (Watt, 172). The idea was not to remove all sexual allusions completely, but to smudge them. The changes forced upon Mae West quickly became evident. The studio, Paramount, was firm on limiting West’s creative influence. The setting of the new film illustrated more clearly the changes regarding â€Å"immoral† elements. This time, they pulled Mae out of the New York City underworld and placed her in a carnival sideshow, as a character under the name Tira. Tira would go from being a singing marvel and a lion tamer on a show, to a loving, wealthy wife living in a penthouse apartment in the city. Though, not all was pure as it sounds. Tira was a gold digger, a woman willing to exchange sex for fortune. One of Mae West’s most famous quotes comes from this movie: â€Å"Somewhere there’s a guy with a million waiting for a dame like me.† But, unlike the past narratives, which passed unashamed until the end, Tira is transformed by true love. I’m No Angel became an immediate hit at the box office. Jill Watts tells a story in his book Mae West: An Icon in Black and White, of a Boston journalist who reported that the lines outside the movie theaters extending down several blocks looked like a â€Å"run on the neighborhood bank† (Page 180) In Chicago the film ran twenty hours a day and even patrolmen were necessary to help organize and calm the crowds. The release of the movie made West a true star. Once again, Mae West’s persona injected a â€Å"realism† that the script was trying to escape. â€Å"On paper, Tira was an ambitious dancer with a craving for money. On the screen she exuded earthier desires. West’s swiveling hips, knowing laugh, and appraising gaze injected a bawdiness that the script had carefully eschewed† (Hamilton, 197). The fact that Mae West was a plot all on her own made her even more of an iconic figure. Now, the show was her personality. As in Diamond Lil, West managed to deliver ironic suggestions in forms of private jokes that she would never reveal. Thanks to the censors, the audience of I’m No Angel was even more intrigued as to what was she laughing at. Even though Im No Angel was a success among critics and West’s former enemies, there were some concerns regarding the interpretation young women (the main audience) would give to Mae’s line deliveries and provocative performance. The Production Codes Administration (PCA) attempted to domesticate her performance in order to eliminate these possible interpretations. But they soon came to realize that as long as the audience had a memory of Mae’s past performances, viewers would never be completely passive. As Joseph Breen, appointed head of the PCA in 1934, explains, â€Å"with West at the helm, even the most scrupulously sanitized story could be subverted by a well-placed wink.† Mae West’s next film, Klondike Annie, became a perfect illustration of this phenomenon. Joseph Breen tried without any success to sanitize the story and script of Klondike Annie. But he quickly understood that the very presence of West in the film would make that task impossible. As he said himself â€Å"Just so long as we have Mae West on own hands with the particular kind of a story which she goes in for, we are going to have trouble†¦lines and pieces of business, which in the script seem to be thoroughly innocuous, turn out when shown on the screen to be questionable at best, when they are not definitely offensive† (Hamilton, 206) It was very clear to everyone involved in the film industry that with Breen as the new office head, West’s career was going to be over. Although many other projects required Breen’s vigilant watch, he focused mainly on not letting anything from Mae West slip by him. He made her his top priority. At the same time, Paramount, to show that they were closely following the Code, brought executive Phillip Hammell to work as a private censor on West’s films. Hollywood was redefining its parameters and Mae West’s style did not fit in. What happened to her career after 1934 is a small-scale representation of the effects the PCA had on Hollywood. West gradually faded out of the spotlight. Lea Jacobs, a prestigious film professor and author, believes that the strategies introduced by the PCA to deal with sex films not only affected Mae West, but also the complete genre: â€Å"by eliminating the double meanings, the calculated ambiguities, and the narrative disjunctures which gave the films of the early thirties their zest† the viewer’s experience was changed (207). West’s role in the development of American film censorship is a matter of great debate. Some maintain that Mae West is solely to blame for censorship; her loud career and the changes in the PCA do coincide time-wise. But it is a well-known fact that the scrutinizing of movies that supposed a threat to morality was something that had been happening well before West appeared on the big screen. At the same time, West’s rising popularity made her an easy target for critics and reform groups. But, as Jill Watts mentions, â€Å"she was more than symbolic; her controversial screen presence became a major impetus that accelerated a process already set into motion† (171). Research Papers on Mae West and 1930’s censorshipWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bringing Democracy to AfricaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesQuebec and CanadaTwilight of the UAWRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

ACT Test Dates When’s a Good Time for You

Choose Your SAT / ACT Test Dates When’s a Good Time for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips "I have no idea what to expect" is not a sentence you want runningthrough your mind on your way to take theSAT or ACT. If you take control of your test prep and schedule, then you shouldn't have any surprises on test day. Besides studying, part of your preparation should bestrategically planning out your SAT/ACT test dates. Instead of closing your eyes and pointing randomly at a calendar, you canask yourself some key questions to figure out when the best SAT/ACT test dates are for you. The first question that every student should ask herself, of course, is, When are my college deadlines? When Are My Deadlines? Most, if not all, students taking the SAT/ACT are doing so are part of their applications to 4-year colleges.Knowing your deadlines is the first piece of important information for making your SAT test date choice and ACT test date choice. SAT/ACT scores might also be required for some scholarships, which also might affect your choice of test dates. Deadlines for College Most regular decision deadlines for college are around January 1st in your senior year. January 15 is another common deadline, and some colleges go even later, like into February and March. If you're applying early action or early decision, then your deadlines are probably sometime in November. It takes about 3 weeks to receive your SAT or ACT scores, so you want to make sure you leave at least this much time between your test dates and your first deadline. For peace of mind, though, you'd be much better off getting your test done and ready to go before the last possible date. Leaving it to the last minute gives you no protection if you have a fluke testing day or are disappointed with your scores. Plus there's the rare chance you could get unlucky and have your scores delayed or even canceled, and then you'd be out of time. The SAT is given 7 times throughout the year, in January, March, May, June, October, November, and December. The ACT is usually given 6 times, in February, April, June, September, October, and December. One way to consider your testing schedule is the "1/3 - 2/3 rule." Depending on when you're starting to prep and plan, you could take the SAT/ACT 1/3 of the time between your starting point and when your applications are due, and the second time at 2/3 between "now" and your deadlines. If you started in January of junior year, for example, you could take your first SAT/ACT in April or May and your next test in the fall, like in October. This "rule" assumes you're going to take the SAT/ACT twice, but a lot of students choose to take it three or more times. I'll delve into what a typical test-taking schedule looks like for students more below, but first let's discuss the other deadlines you might be meeting: scholarship deadlines. Can't relate to this at all, right? Deadlines for Scholarships Your SAT/ACT scores might also be an important consideration for winning scholarship money. Most score-based scholarships come directly from colleges, so your scholarship deadlines will generally match your college deadlines. If SAT/ACT-based scholarships are important for you, then you might want to get your scores earlier to help determine your college list. If you are able to achieve qualifying scores for guaranteed SAT/ACT scholarships, then you can make sure to apply to those schools that will award you money. Since application planning is a process that takes several months, you probably want to have your SAT/ACT scores by the end of junior year. That way you can plan accordingly, know which colleges you're applying to, and focus on the rest of your application. As I mentioned above, one potential problem with taking your tests last minute is that you'd run out of test dates if you aren't satisfied with your scores. Many students take the SAT/ACT more than once or twice to prep between tests and improve their scores. How many times you want to take the test is the next important questionto ask yourself when choosing test dates. How Many Times Do I Want to Take the SAT/ACT? There is absolutely nothing wrong with taking the SAT/ACT more than once to achieve your target scores. In fact, I'd highly recommend taking it at least twice, if not three or more times. Almost everyone improves when they retake the SAT/ACT. This "real test" experience can be especially valuable if you use it as a launching off point to determine your strengths and weaknesses and do targeted test prep that will help you pull up your scores the next time. If, like most students, you're taking your test more than once, then you want to make sure you leave yourself enough test dates and monthsin between each one to study. If you took the SAT in May and then again the next month in June, then you really wouldn't have time to improve very much. Instead, you want to leave several months in between test dates to prep effectively. Given this strategic approach to hitting your scores on the SAT/ACT, what does a typical test-taking schedule look like for most students? Typical Test-Taking Schedule A typical SAT/ACT schedule for the majority of students involves three opportunities to take the test. Hopefully this guide helps you realize that there are several considerations when making your SAT test date choice and ACT test date choice. Just because this schedule works for a lot of students, doesn't automaticallymean it's the best one for you. Typical Schedule Many students take their first SAT/ACT in the fall of junior year, after spending the summer studying. After receiving their initial scores and reflecting on the experience, students can take the next few months to reinforce their understanding and improve areas of weakness. Then they take the test again in the spring of junior year. At this point, you might have achieved your target scores and be satisfied with your results. If you want another chance to improve your scores, you still have several summer months to prep and then take your test again in the fall of senior year. At this point, you've reached your last opportunity to test and will be applying to college. There are pros and cons to this schedule. The pros include 3 opportunities to take the SAT/ACT Advanced skills and content knowledge that you've developed throughout high school. Over a year to prep and improve your scores between fall of junior year and fall of senior year. This schedule works really well for a lot of students, but there are also some cons to consider: Limited test dates. Once you reach fall of senior year, you don't have time to take the SAT/ACT for a fourth time. May overlap with busy times of year, like AP tests, college planning, and varsity sports in junior and senior year. May feel more pressure and stress on each test date, since you don't have extra time beyond these dates. If any of these cons resonate with you, perhaps because of your junior year activities or anxieties around testing, then you might consider pushing back this typical schedule and registering for the SAT/ACT even earlier than junior year. Juggling a lot junior year? Considertaking the SAT/ACT earlier. Earlier Schedule If you push this typical schedule back about half a year, then you could take your first SAT test in the spring of sophomore year and then have about three more opportunities to test. If you wanted five test dates, then you could take it in the fall of sophomore year. Depending on how much prep you put into the SAT/ACT, you could even be ready to take it freshman year. Technically, you can take the SAT as many times as you want and the ACT up to 12 times. Of course, this would be overkill, both a waste of time and money and a potential red flag to colleges. While taking the SAT/ACT up to 6 times is acceptable, you probably don't need more to leave yourself any more test dates than that. If you find yourself having to take it over and over to achieve your scores, that time and energy could probably be better spent on test prep. Besides taking the pressure off and leaving you with more test dates, pushing this typical schedule back to sophomore year is a good option if you're trying to build up your scores section by section, or "superscore" your test. I'll explain what exactly I mean by superscoring below. Superscoring the SAT/ACT For anyone not familiar with the term "superscoring," it refers to the policy that some colleges use when they consider your standardized test scores. If colleges superscore, they take your highest section scores across all the dates you took the test and use those for your final test scores. If you take the SAT/ACT more than once, then superscoring is your friend. If you know that your colleges will superscore your results, you can actually use this policy to your advantage. Rather than focusing on improving your scores in every section every time you take the test, you could focus intensively on bringing up your math score, for instance. Then you could take the test again and really focus in on Reading, or Writing, or ACT Science. Obviously you shouldn't completely neglect any sections, but this could be a way to achieve a really strong score section by section across numeroustest dates. Again, you would need to make sure your colleges superscore and don't look at all scores or your highest sitting.If you're using this approach, you would want to start taking the SAT/ACT in freshman or sophomore year to leave yourself enough test dates. Again, I wouldn't recommend taking either test more than 6 times. This superscoring approach to taking the SAT/ACT leads us to the next important considerationwhen choosing your test dates - how much test prep you're willing and able to devote to meeting your goals. Hard at work. How LongCan I Prepare Before My Test? Just as you don't want to neglect any sections of the SAT/ACT, you also don't want to treat any official test as a throwaway, even if it's just the first time you're taking it. At the very minimum, I would recommend putting in 10 hours of test prep before sitting for a real test. This will help you get familiar with the instructions and format, but won't help much beyond that for improving your scores. Your study schedule is a big factor in determining which test date you choose for your first SAT/ACT. So how long do you plan to study? How Much Time Can I Devote to Test Prep? To figure out your study schedule, you need to figure out how you can balance test prep with everything else you're doing in and out of school. I think the best way to make a schedule and stick to it is to write it down in a planner or calendar and create a routine. If you have free time on Mondays and Wednesdays from 5 to 8, then set that aside as your study time. Of coursethis can change if you get assigned a big project or essay, but beingconsistent about your test prep is the best way to ensure that you'll stick to your plan. Before taking your first SAT/ACT, I would also recommend taking a practice test. You can time yourself, score it, and see if you're performing near your target scores. If you're much lower than you think you can achieve and still have several available test dates, then you might want to hold off on taking the real test until you study some more. If you start early enough, then you can have more flexibility in your study schedule and which test dates you choose. Either way, it's a good idea to consider your test-taking schedule in conjunction with your test prep schedule. As academic tests, the SAT/ACT also line up with your classes in school, but when they line upmight differ from student to student. Before signing up for your test, you should consider how it coincideswith your current high school classes. How Does It Line Up With My Classes? In order to answer this question, you want to familiarize yourself with what's actually tested on the Reading, Writing, and Math section of the SAT and the Reading, English, Math, and Science section of the ACT. While the content on each test is not all that advanced, there are certain concepts that are helpful to have studied in school. Both tests cover geometry, for example, and the math section of the ACT even covers some trigonometry. If you're taking geometry freshman year, then your best SAT test dates might beearlier than junior or senior year, since by then you'll have moved onto more advanced math. Conversely, if you aren't studying geometry or trigonometry until junior year, then you might be better off sticking to the typical schedule mentioned above and taking the SAT/ACT for the first time junior year. Similarly, you might benefit from one or two more years in high school writing persuasive essays and developing your reading comprehension skills before taking the SAT/ACT. If you're strong in English, however, you might be well prepared to score highly before you're an upperclassman. Plus studying early could help you cultivate your existing skills and get a headstart on learning new knowledge. The best way to gauge your level is to tryofficial practice problems for the SAT and ACT and see how familiar you are with the material. If you're already studying the concepts you need in freshman or sophomore year, then you might strongly consider signing up for the test early and even getting it finished with before you're a junior or senior. Getting your scores all set and ready to send to colleges early may also be a relief if your schedule gets busy in th and 12th grade. Yikes. What Else Is On My Schedule? When choosing the best SAT test dates and ACT test dates, you might also think about what other activities and responsibilities you have coming up. Junior year might get busywith AP classes and finals. You might lead Student Council or an Amnesty International campaign. Maybe you're exhausted everyday fromvarsity football practice. If your life is looking hectic junior year, then you might want to get your SAT/ACT done earlier than junior year. Even if it seems easier to push off the tests and let Future You deal with them, you could do yourself a favor by prepping early, taking the tests, and then having more time as your schedule gets more and more packed. On the flip side, maybe you're busy with summer camps before freshman and sophomore year and have more time before th and 12th grade. In either case, you can really personalize your testing schedule to fit your own goals and find balance with your other activities and interests. These might sound like a lot of questions to answer before signing up for the SAT/ACT, but they are meant to help you take control of the process and maximize your ability to find balance and achieve strong scores for your college applications. Read on for a summary of the most significant factors in determining the best SAT/ACT test dates for you. Choosing Your SAT/ACT Test Dates As I mentioned above, the typical test-taking schedule for the SAT/ACT is to take it for the first time in the fall of junior year, again in the spring of junior year, and, if so desired, for the final time in the fall of senior year (as long as your college deadlines allow). Students who are prepping earlier might move this timeline ahead to leave themselves extra test dates or get their scores all set and ready to go early. The most important questions you should ask yourself when planning your test-taking schedule are the following: What are my deadlines for college and scholarships? How many times do I want to take the SAT/ACT? Am Itrying to improve my scores in all sections with each retake or using a "superscoring" strategy? How long do I plan to study? Besides these primary considerations, you might also consider your classes and other pursuits as factors. In this case, ask yourself How does the SAT or ACT line up with my high school classes? What else do I have in my schedule and how can I balance test prep with my other assignments and activities? By answering these questions, you can devisea test prep and test-taking schedule and have a strong rationale behind your choices. Take control of the college application process by having a strong sense of where you're starting out, where you want to go, and what you need to do in between to get there. By articulatingclear reasons and a strong sense of purpose, you can answer any questions you have about the SAT or ACT and achieve your goals. Confused pug answered all his SAT/ACT questions. What's Next? Find out which exact dates you want to choose with our Table of 2015-2016 SAT Test Dates, and then read our Full Review of Every Single 2015-2016 SAT Test Date here. For more test-specific advice on exactly when to take the SAT or ACT for the first time, check out our SAT guidehere and ACT guidehere. Do you still have questions about how to design the best study plan for the SAT/ACT? Check outour guidefor your study plan before junior year and study plan before senior year. As you study, you definitely want to use official SAT and ACT practice questions. You can download official practice test pdfs for the SAT here and the ACT here. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: